Neutrinos at Fermi Lab

It is universally accepted by the scientific community that any neutral particle such as the pion, kaon, neutron, gamma ray and cosmic ray, yields the same neutrino-like reaction inside a bubble chamber.

It is universally accepted that it is necessary to install “shields” or “filters” to reduce the “background,” that is, those particles, or penetrating radiation, that would yield the same neutrino-like reaction.

It is understood that the solar neutrino detectors need shields to reduce the background, because the latter is not directional.

It is understood that a filter is needed between the particle production locus and the bubble chamber, because all the neutral particles mentioned above yield, in the bubble chamber, the same neutrino-like reaction.

There is, in consequence, an historical answer: The more energetic the proton beam on target, the more energetic the pion and kaon beam, and consequently, the more energetic will be the neutral particles or the penetrating radiation. Hence, the need to increase the filter length or its density.

This tacitly recognizes that the “background” is what yields the neutrino-like reaction in the bubble chamber.

The observation that the phenomenon is directional is a very trivial observation.

The observation that the events in the bubble chamber depend on the beam being ON and OFF, is redundant. It is the confirmation that the neutral particles or penetrating radiation reach the bubble chamber and yield the neutrino-like reaction.

How does the overall mechanism operate?

As promised, the answer is given by the SR proponents themselves, that is, using the tool that SR provides: time dilation. (In AD, simply the time interval, or the time that the phenomenon requires in order to occur).

It is worth mentioning here a “little detail” of great import. The following application employs the Lorentz time dilation equation. As we have said before, this equation is formed as a puzzle, i.e.: in pieces. When needed to explain the twin paradox, the Lorentz equation has the term (piece) “position,” . When needed only as an application of time dilation to a particle’s lifetime, the piece that has the term “position” is separated, and the Lorentz coefficient, , is used. That is the only piece in the Carezani (i.e., Autodynamics) equation of time interval.

The arithmetic follows:

(1) (The Lorentz or Carezani coefficient)

We perform two calculations, for two situations.

1).- We suppose a neutral kaonL (K0|L) with β= 0.999 c, that is, a KE = 10633.99 MeV = 10.63399 GeV. This, today, is a small energy in many Labs. In the last question that we received, the proton beam has 800 GeV, many times larger that the energy above mentioned.

With β= 0.999, γ = 22.366 (2)

The neutral kaon half-life “at rest” is τ= 5.2 10E-8 sec.

The kaon half-life due to “time dilation” regarding its motion in the “frame Lab” at β= 0.999 is

τ’ = γ x τ

τ’= 22.366 x 5.2 10E-8 = 1.162 10E-6 sec. (3)

Normally, the “decay tube” for pion and kaon decay to produce neutrinos is 400 meters long and the filter is 1000 meters long. We take a 1500 meters length, supposing the bubble chamber at 100 meters beyond the filter’s end.

As the kaon has a velocity equal to β>= 0.999 c, to travel a distance of 1500 meters, requires a time equal to:

t = 1500 / (0.999 x 3 10E+8) = 5.005 10E-6 sec. (4)

The kaon number in the bubble chamber, starting with No = 100 10E+6 kaons[1] in the target is:

N = 100 10E+6 x e (5)

N = 1,347,082 kaons. (6)

Of course, the number of neutral kaons stopped inside the filter is enormous, but the possibility or probability that a few of them will reach the bubble chamber is significant.

The other side of the penny shows the following:

2.- The pion+ decays as follow: even though the proportion is very small[2] (1.025 +- 0.034) 10E-8, into mu+ nu(mu) gamma with (1.24 +- 0.25) 10E-4 and into e+ nu(e) gamma with (1.6 +- 0.23) 10E-7. The percentage is small, but considering the enormous production of pion+, the secondary decay has thousands and thousands of neutral particles or penetrating radiation. Its mechanism is very special, as is shown in what follows.

We suppose the pion+ velocity β1 = 0.99999 and the pion+ half-life is τ1 =2.6 10E-8 sec. Its KE =31.165 GeV.

γ1 = 223.607 (7)

τ’1 = γ1 x τ1 = 223.607 x 2.6 10E-8 = 5.814 10E-6 sec (8)

t1 = 400 / (0.99999 x 3 10E+8) = 1.333 10E-6 (9)

The number of positive pions at the end of the “decay tube” is

N1 = No x e(-1.333 / 5.814) = 79.51 10+6 of positive pion+ (10)

This shows that inside the 400 meters long “decay tube” or “pipe” only 20 % of positive pions decay to produce neutrinos, secondary particles and radiation. 80 % of them decay later, inside the filter, producing the same decay mode. A few of them decay close to the bubble chamber, and as the half-life of the neutral pion is very short, τ2 =0.83 10E-16 the positive pion or the gamma ray could produce the same neutrino-like reaction.

The larger fallacy regarding neutrino production inside the “decay tube” is related to the pion+ and kaon+ decay plus neutrinos.

As the pion+ and kaon+ decay in flight, the emission of neutrinos and secondary particles and radiation is very small, in the bubble chamber direction. The neutrino, and the secondary emission, is emitted, in its center of mass, in all directions, that is, the neutrino is emitted between 0 and 360 degree with respect to its line of flight. The number of neutrinos that reach the bubble chamber is very small, because a very small quantity of the original particles that decay (pions and kaons) produces neutrinos in the bubble chamber direction.

Another fountain of neutral particles, is the enormous neutron quantity yielded in the target. In reference [1], 8 10E+9 neutrons are given.

Various phenomena yield the same reaction, as was explained. Many particles, of the total produced, will collide with the nuclei inside the filter. It is very well known, in nucleus-nucleus collision,the showers produced by decay of compound nucleus after the nuclear collision as fusion-like. Such reactions also produce neutrons and gamma rays.